Historical Background and Design of Robotics

Historical Background and Design of Robotics

Robotics History

 

Definition of a ‘Robot’

                                                                           

First use of the word ‘Robot’

 

First use of the word ‘Robotics’

 

Three Laws of Robotics

 

The First Robot ‘Unimate’

 

Modern Industrial Robots

 

Benefits of Robots

 

 

Definition of a ‘Robot’

 

According to the Robot Institute of America (1979) a robot is:

“A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks”.

 

A more inspiring definition can be found in Webster. According to Webster a robot is:

“An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human.”

 

 

First use of the word ‘Robot’

 

The acclaimed Czech playwright Karel Capek (1890-1938) made the first use of the word ‘robot’, from the Czech word for forced labor or serf. Capek was reportedly several times a candidate for the Nobel prize for his works and very influential and prolific as a writer and playwright.

 

The use of the word Robot was introduced into his play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) which opened in Prague in January 1921.

 

In R.U.R., Capek poses a paradise, where the machines initially bring so many benefits but in the end bring an equal amount of blight in the form of unemployment and social unrest.

 

The play was an enormous success and productions soon opened throughout Europe and the U.S. R.U.R’s theme, in part, was the dehumanization of man in a technological civilization.

 

You may find it surprising that the robots were not mechanical in nature but were created through chemical means. In fact, in an essay written in 1935, Capek strongly fought that this idea was at all possible and, writing in the third person, said:

 

“It is with horror, frankly, that he rejects all responsibility for the idea that metal contraptions could ever replace human beings, and that by means of wires they could awaken something like life, love, or rebellion. He would deem this dark prospect to be either an overestimation of machines, or a grave offence against life.”

[The Author of Robots Defends Himself - Karl Capek, Lidove noviny, June 9, 1935, translation: Bean Comrada]

 

There is some evidence that the word robot was actually coined by Karl’s brother Josef, a writer in his own right. In a short letter, Capek writes that he asked Josef what he should call the artificial workers in his new play.

 

Karel suggests Labori, which he thinks too ‘bookish’ and his brother mutters “then call them Robots” and turns back to his work, and so from a curt response we have the word robot.

 

 

First use of the word ‘Robotics’

 

The word ‘robotics’ was first used in Runaround, a short story published in 1942, by Isaac Asimov (born Jan. 2, 1920, died Apr. 6, 1992). I, Robot, a collection of several of these stories, was published in 1950.

 

One of the first robots Asimov wrote about was a robotherapist. A modern counterpart to Asimov’s fictional character is Eliza. Eliza was born in 1966 by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology Professor Joseph Weizenbaum who wrote Eliza — a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine.

 

She was initially programmed with 240 lines of code to simulate a psychotherapist by answering questions with questions.

 

 

Three Laws of Robotics

 

Asimov also proposed his three “Laws of Robotics”, and he later added a